How to Reformat a Disk

Four different ways.

It's a common instruction: reformat your hard disk.

It's also something we take for granted. Everyone knows how to reformat a disk, right?

Nope. Let's not make that assumption.

Let me show you. Here are four different ways to reformat a disk.

Reformatting a disk

Formatting a drive erases everything on it, so be certain that's what you want.

• Right-click on the disk in Windows File Explorer and click "Format".
• In the Windows Command Prompt, use the "Format" command with the appropriate drive letter.
• Accept the default File System and Allocation Unit options unless you have specific needs for something different.

A disk is a disk is a ???

Reformatting applies to disks, but not all disks look alike. When I talk about disks, that includes:

• Internal or external disks
• Traditional hard disks (HDD)
• Solid State Drives (SSD)
• Thumb drives
• Memory cards

Reformatting generally applies to anything that, when attached to or installed in your computer, appears as a disk in Windows File Explorer.

But (there's always a but), there may be exceptions. For example, if you connect your mobile phone to your computer via a USB cable, it may or may not appear as a disk. Regardless, you don't want to reformat your phone -- or if you do, you'll want to do it from within the phone's own interface, not by connecting it to a computer.

Why?

Reformatting is . . .

Reformatting a disk erases everything on it.

Everything.

Sometimes that's exactly what you want to do, and in fact, reformatting is often the quickest way to do it.

But be sure that's what you want before you start. Proceed with the assumption that an accidental reformat cannot be undone ... because most of the time, it cannot be.

Method 1: Windows File Explorer

Locate the drive you want to format in Windows File Explorer, and right-click on it. A context menu will appear.

Click on Format... .

For now, accept all the defaults (I'll discuss the options later), and click on Start. You'll first get a warning.

Assuming you have selected the correct disk and are ready to have its contents completely erased, click OK.

The disk will be formatted. How long this takes depends on the size of the disk itself and the speed of the interface connecting the disk to the computer. Since we accepted the default "Quick" format, it should take only a minute or two.

Method 2: Windows File Explorer, Not Quick

Aside from some format-specific housekeeping, a Quick format only erases list of files stored on the disk, and nothing more. The actual file data distributed across the disk is not touched or overwritten. That means in some cases, files can be recovered from a disk that has had a quick format applied.

If that's something you want to avoid, follow the procedure above, but this time make sure that "Quick Format" is not checked.

Click Start, and after the warning, the format will proceed.

The reason it takes longer is the difference between a quick and a full format. A full format overwrites the entire disk, not just the list of files. Depending on the size of your disk, this can take a long time.

Method 3: The Windows Command Line

You can also format disks using the Windows Command Prompt (or PowerShell) using the "format" command.

First, identify the drive letter assigned to the drive you want to format. In my examples above, I've been using a thumb drive that's drive "H:". Enter the command "format" followed by the drive, and then Enter. In my case, that means:

Format H:

You'll note that it asks to insert a new disk. The "Format" command is one of the oldest commands and dates back to MS-DOS and floppy disks, which had to be formatted before they could be used.

Press Enter when you're ready, and the format proceeds.

First, you'll be asked to enter a "Volume label". This is the name of the disk as it appears in Windows File Explorer. You can leave it blank, if you like, or you can give it a descriptive name. You can always rename it later in Windows File Explorer.

You'll also notice that the operation took longer. The command-line Format defaults to a full format. It's exactly like leaving the "Quick Format" box unchecked when using Windows File explorer.

Method 4: The Windows Command Line, Quick

Since a quick format is really all we need for most purposes these days, you can also do that using the command line. Simply add the "/Q" command line option.

This will skip overwriting the entire disk, and simply empty the list of files stored on the disk.

File systems and Allocation Units

Now let's return to those options we ignored in our example above. (Let me start by saying you'll generally be fine to ignore this section and just use the defaults.)

A couple of common questions are what file system should be used and what allocation unit to set. (These options are exposed in the Windows File Explorer interface. If you're using the command line, type "Format /?" for a list of options including these settings.)

Choosing a file system

The file system is how the files are organized and indexed (and in some cases, protected) when written to the disk. While there are others, the most common you'll encounter are:

• FAT - "File Allocation Table", aka FAT32. This is ideal for external disks and other disks that you expect to interchange with other devices, including other computers as well as mobile phones and cameras.
• FAT16 - This is the older version of FAT that dates back to smaller disks like floppy disks. It's rare that you would want to use this at all, but you might encounter it on existing disks.
• exFAT - This is a newer version of FAT that supports significantly larger disks. It's generally compatible across a wide variety of devices, but be sure to check with non-Windows devices to make sure they are able to access exFAT formatted disks.
• NTFS - The New Technology File System is a faster and more robust file system that includes many features such as file-level security, journaling (a resiliency feature), and much more. It's the default format for internal hard disks ever since Windows XP at least. If you're formatting an internal disk or a disk you expect to exchange only with Windows systems, this is the format to choose.1

Choosing allocation units

Allocation units are the "chunks" in which disk space is allocated.

It's probably best described by example. If we choose an allocation unit of, say, 1024 bytes, then:

• A 1-byte file will take up one allocation unit, or 1024 bytes on the disk.
• A file anywhere from 2 to 1024 bytes in size will take up a single 1024-byte allocation unit.
• A 1025-byte file will take up two allocation units, or 2048 bytes of space.

Which allocation unit size to select depends mostly on how the disk will be used. If you expect lots and lots of small files, then a smaller allocation unit makes sense. If you expect fewer, larger files, then larger allocation units could work. The reason you might want to consider it would be to maximize disk availability -- smaller allocation units imply more overhead information needs to be kept.

In both cases -- file system and allocation units -- not all options will be available for all disk types.

And when in doubt, it's perfectly acceptable to accept the default recommendations made by the formatting utility.

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