At worst, slower than it could be, but that’s fixable too.
USB standardization has made all of this much simpler.
For the most part, if the cables fit, your device will charge safely. Slowly, perhaps, but safely. There are exceptions, but when talking about portable devices, it’s rare.
USB charging
USB has simplified charging dramatically. Most cables just pass power through, so if it fits, it works. It may be slower, but it’ll be safe. USB-A always means five volts, while USB-C is smarter: device, charger, and even cable “talk” to each other to decide the fastest, best, and safest speed. Missing chargers? Standard ones are everywhere and work fine.
USB-A
The older, larger, square plug and socket used for years is the USB-A socket. Regardless of what’s at the other end of a USB cable, if one end is USB-A, this tells us pretty much everything we need to know.
USB-A supports five volts. That’s part of the definition of the USB standard.
Originally, USB-A ports were limited by the USB specification to providing only half an amp of power (0.5A or 500ma), though that’s been increased in USB 3 to nearly twice that (900ma), and even 1.5 amps in a charging-specific specification.
The upshot is that if your device uses a USB cable of any sort to charge, and that cable plugs into a USB-A connector, it’ll work. The USB standard defines everything we care about.
It may charge more slowly than it could, though. That’s where USB-C factors in.
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USB-C
USB-C is a newer, smaller, more flexible version of the USB family of connectors.
USB-C is smaller than USB-A, has more wire connections (24 compared to 4), and is symmetrical, meaning you can plug it in either way; there is no right-side-up to figure out.
USB-C is a more flexible but slightly more complicated solution for power delivery. It’s not limited to five volts. USB-C may provide:
- 5 volts
- 9 volts
- 15 volts
- 20 volts
Later versions of the protocol have expanded to include 28, 36, and 48 volts as part of the EPR, or Extended Power Range, addition.
Here’s the trick: when you plug in a device — say your phone — into a USB-C socket, the phone and power supply have a little “conversation” about:
- What voltage(s) the power supply can supply
- What voltage(s) the device can accept
If there’s no conversation, the default is our old friend, five volts. On the other hand, if the two can negotiate something better, that’s what they use. If that happens, your device will charge faster.
Related
Can I Use a Charger With the Same Voltage but Different Amperage Rating?
It's much less of an issue now that USB-based chargers are commonplace, but if you're wondering if that old “almost right” charger will work for your device I’ll walk you through what needs to match, what can vary, and the risks if you get it wrong so you can power up safely without frying your gear.#5276
A cable is just a cable, mostly
When it comes to your mobile phone and other small portable devices, a USB cable is just a cable. Wires in the connector at one end pass through to the connector at the other. If you can plug it into a power supply at one end and your device at the other, then the cable will work and your device will charge.
These are referred to as passive cables. They do nothing other than connect.
Some (or even most) USB-C cables have a chip as part of the cable that, among other things, identifies the cable’s capabilities. For example, extended power capabilities can range up to 240 watts of power delivery, which requires a cable capable of safely transferring that much power.
This means that the “conversation” between power supply and device now includes a third voice: the cable connecting the two. The conversation then covers:
- What the power supply can supply
- What the device can accept
- What the cable can handle
The goal is for them to agree on the safest, highest-power delivery.
The case of the missing charger
As you pointed out, more and more devices come without a charger. This is an attempt to reduce electronic waste, since:
- We have so many devices that come with chargers.
- The chargers usually outlast the devices they came with.
Given that USB-based chargers are the emerging standard, each device no longer needs a unique charger. The chargers we’ve already accumulated will do just fine. Assuming the cables fit and connect, you’re mostly done.
And if you find yourself short a charger, they’re standard, inexpensive, and easy to find.
Do this
USB has simplified the charging landscape. As long as you have a USB charger and a cable that can connect your USB-compatible device, you’re essentially done. The only optimization you might consider is making sure that if your device uses USB-C, you use a USB-C charger to take advantage of potentially higher charging speeds.
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Great article! I feel obliged to mention a couple of things:
1. If a charge cable is at all damaged, especially if it looks like it got hot, get rid of it right away.
2. You don’t need to spend top dollars for cables (I’m looking at you, Apple!) but avoid the very cheap dollar-store cables.
3. Don’t cover the charger, the cable, or the device with a pillow or a blanket. Charging devices generate heat that must be dissipated.
4. Some devices might work with a smaller charger, but not well. If it’s acting up, try a bigger charger (that delivers more watts).
Thanks, Leo!